Amatara ageze kure kuva mu ntangiriro yoroheje nkisoko yoroheje kandi yambere yumucyo. Mu myaka yashize, iterambere ryikoranabuhanga ryahinduye uburyo tumurikira ibidukikije, biganisha ku iterambere ryubwoko butandukanye bwamatara ahuza ibikenewe nibyifuzo bitandukanye. Reka dusuzume neza ubwihindurize bw'amatara n'ingaruka zagize muburyo tubaho.
Mu bihe bya kera, amatara yakoreshwaga cyane cyane namavuta cyangwa buji, bitanga urumuri ruto kandi akenshi rutagaragara. Izi verisiyo zo hambere zamatara ntizakoraga gusa ahubwo zanagize umutekano muke, byangiza umuriro. Ariko, uko umuco wateye imbere, niko ikoranabuhanga ryihishe inyuma.
Impinduramatwara mu nganda yaranze impinduka mu iterambere ryamatara. Ivumburwa ry’itara ryaka na Thomas Edison mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 ryahinduye inganda zimurika. Iri tara, ukoresheje filament ikozwe muri tungsten, ryabyaye urumuri rwinshi kandi ruhoraho mugihe umuyagankuba wanyuzemo. Amatara maremare yamenyekanye cyane kubera kwizerwa no gukoresha ingufu, kandi byakomeje kuba isoko yumucyo mugihe kirenga ikinyejana.
Ariko, uko societe yarushijeho kumenya ko hakenewe ibisubizo birambye kandi bitanga ingufu, itara ryaka cyane ryahuye nikibazo cyo gukoresha ingufu nyinshi nigihe gito. Guverinoma hirya no hino ku isi zashyizeho amabwiriza yo gukuraho ayo matara adakora neza hagamijwe ubundi buryo bwangiza ibidukikije.
Injira mugihe cyamatara magufi ya fluorescent (CFLs) na diode itanga urumuri (LED). CFLs yatejwe imbere nkuburyo bukoresha ingufu nyinshi kugirango itara ryaka, rikoresha amashanyarazi make kandi rifite igihe kirekire. Bamenyekanye cyane kubera ubushobozi bwabo bwo kuzigama ingufu, nubwo bwarimo mercure nkeya, bitera impungenge zo kujugunywa neza.
Mu myaka yashize, LED zagaragaye nkimbere mu nganda zimurika. Aya matara arimo chip ya semiconductor ntoya itanga urumuri iyo amashanyarazi ayanyuzemo. LED ikoresha ingufu nke cyane, ikagira igihe kirekire cyo kubaho, kandi ifatwa nkibidukikije cyane kurusha abababanjirije. Byongeye kandi, ayo matara atanga uburyo bworoshye bwo guhindura ibara nuburemere bwurumuri, bikingura isi nshya yuburyo bushoboka bwo kumurika ibishushanyo mbonera.
Iterambere ryikoranabuhanga ryubwenge ryanagize ingaruka ku ihindagurika ryamatara. Hamwe noguhuza imiyoboro idafite umurongo hamwe na sensor igezweho, amatara yubwenge arashobora kugenzurwa kure binyuze muri terefone zigendanwa cyangwa sisitemu yo murugo. Abakoresha barashobora guhitamo ibara ryaka, umucyo, ndetse bakanashyiraho igihe cyo gukora byikora no kuzimya ibikorwa. Aya matara ntabwo yongereye ubworoherane gusa ahubwo anagira uruhare mukuzigama ingufu mugukoresha neza amatara.
Byongeye kandi, igishushanyo mbonera cyamatara cyahindutse cyane. Kuva kumatara gakondo kumatara kugeza kumatara yububiko no kumurika udushya twinshi, ubwiza nibikorwa byamatara byahujwe neza. Amatara ya kijyambere arimo ibishushanyo mbonera na minimalist, akoresheje ibikoresho byiza-byo kongeramo ikintu cyiza kumwanya uwo ariwo wose.
Iterambere ryamatara ntiryagarukiye kumuri murugo wenyine. Amatara yo hanze nayo yabonye iterambere ryinshi. Amatara akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba, nk'urugero, akoresha ingufu z'izuba ku manywa kandi akayihindura urumuri nijoro. Aya matara yangiza ibidukikije atanga igisubizo kirambye cyo kumurika hanze, bikuraho insinga cyangwa gukoresha amashanyarazi.
Mugihe tugenda dutera imbere mu kinyejana cya 21, iterambere ryamatara rikomeje gusunika imipaka. Abashakashatsi barimo gushakisha uburyo bwo gukoresha nanotehnologiya kugirango habeho isoko yumucyo ikora neza kandi iramba. Iterambere ryizewe ririmo diode itanga urumuri (OLEDs), rufite ubushobozi bwo guhindura urumuri muburyo bwo gukoresha ingufu no guhuza imiterere.
Ubwihindurize bwamatara bwamurikiye ubuzima bwacu muburyo butandukanye. Kuva kumatara yamavuta kugeza kumatara yubwenge ya LED, ibyo byavumbuwe byahinduye uburyo tubona no kwibonera ibidukikije. Ntabwo zitanga urumuri gusa ahubwo binongera umwuka, umusaruro, n'imibereho myiza. Mugihe isi igenda igana ahazaza harambye, gukomeza iterambere ryamatara bizagira uruhare runini mukurema isi imurika, icyatsi, kandi ihuza byinshi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nzeri-26-2023